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Doodlebug (rail car)
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For other uses, see Doodlebug (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2012)
East Broad Top doodlebug M1
ATSF doodlebug M119
In the United States, doodlebug was the common name for a self-propelled railcar (multiple unit). While such a coach typically had a gasoline-powered engine that turned a generator which provided electricity to traction motors, which turned the axles and wheels on the trucks, versions with mechanical transmissions also existed.
Doodlebugs sometimes pulled an unpowered trailer car, but were more often used singly. They were popular with some railroads during the first part of the 20th century to provide passenger and mail service on lightly used branch lines, obviating the need to operate conventional trains consisting of a locomotive and coaches. Several railroads, mostly small regional and local networks, provided their main passenger services through doodlebugs in a cost cutting effort.
Contents
[hide]
1 History2 Origin of term3 See also4 References5 Further reading6 External links
[edit] History
While interest in self-propelled cars did exist before the late 1910s in the form of the electric trolley and streetcar as well as a few other examples, the better portion of doodlebug usage in the United States can be traced to this time period. Electro-Motive, then in the form of the Electro-Motive Corporation as the General Motors purchase had not yet occurred, began the large scale production of self- propelled railcars using bodies manufactured by Pullman and the St. Louis Car Company. By the 1920s the gas-electric car had become one of the main providers of branch-line service.
[edit] Origin of term
The term "doodlebug" is of uncertain origin. Most likely it is used in a number of unrelated ways, often as a nickname applied to diminutive types, such as small airplanes or cars. In the railcar usage of the term it may have been derived from the phrase "doodling through town" that may have been applied to reference the function of the coaches themselves.
[edit] See also
Budd Rail Diesel CarDoodlebug DisasterEdwards Rail Car Company
FM OP800HoodlebugMcKeen Motor Car Company
RailcarSteam dummySAL 2027
[edit] References
[edit] Further reading
Edmund Keilty (September 1979). Interurbans without wires: the rail motorcar in the United States. Interurbans. ISBN 978-0-916374-38-9.Edmund Keilty (September 1982). Doodlebug country: the rail motorcar on the Class 1 railroads of the United States. Interurban Press. ISBN 978-0-916374-50-1.Edmund Keilty (December 1988). The Short Line Doodlebug: Galloping Geese and Other Rail Critters. Interurban Press. ISBN 978-0-916374-77-8.
[edit] External links
Doodlebugs at american-rails.com. Retrieved October 10, 2012Doodlebugs in Jacksonville, Florida http://www.jaxhistory.com/Jacksonville%20Story/Picture%20of%20Jax%20Train,%20Doodlebug.htm
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doodlebug_(rail_car)&oldid=531337785"
Categories:Multiple unitsRailcars
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Sandoz watches
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Sandoz (disambiguation).
Sandoz is a Swiss watch brand, originally established in the late 19th century by Henri Sandoz near Tavannes, Switzerland. There are now many variations of the Sandoz name which are used by at least four different companies around the world.
Contents
[hide]
1 History2 Present day3 Notes4 See also5 External links
[edit] History
Henri Frédéric Sandoz (sometimes Frédéric Henri Sandoz), born in 1851,[1] was a self-made man of Le Locle who in the 1870s founded Henri Sandoz & Cie., later producing complicated watches under the name of Cyma. In 1890, in partnership with two families named Schwob, Sandoz established a watch-making firm at Malleray, near Tavannes, in the French-speaking Bernese Jura of Switzerland.[2] Their new business was known as Tavannes Watch Co.[3] By the time of the death of Sandoz on 18 March 1913, many watches were made under the name of Henri Sandoz & Fils. The enterprise occupied a 'model factory' employing one thousand workers and producing 2,500 watches a day.[4] Sandoz was reported to have a paternalistic policy towards his workforce, exercising a fierce social control.[5][6]
Other names used by the Tavannes company at various times include Tavannes-Cyma, Bijou Watch Co., Tacy Watch Co., and Lisca. After the death of Sandoz, the company he founded went on growing. By 1938, it was manufacturing four thousand items a day.[7]
[edit] Present day
Since 1971 the Sandoz brand name has been split into four main areas of production, due to its licences being leased or sold. This has led to four separate brands, Sandoz Singapore, Sandoz Hong Kong, Sandoz Swiss, and Sandoz Spain (Munreco). All of these produce watches under the Sandoz name, but each production company has its own line of products. Sandoz Swiss manufactures high quality watches, while Sandoz Hong Kong and Sandoz Singapore manufacture cheaper watches of lower quality. Sandoz Hong Kong products are assembled in Hong Kong using Swiss movements from ETA SA.[8]
[edit] Notes
^ Paul Otto Bessire, Histoire du Jura bernois et de l'ancien évêché de Bâle (1968), p. 347^ Jacques Picard, La Suisse et les Juifs 1933-1945: antisémitisme Suisse, défense du judaïsme (2000), p. 186^ Jean-Claude Daumas, Les systèmes productifs dans l'arc jurassien: acteurs, pratiques et territoires (2004), p. 194 online^ Walther Staub, Adolf Hinderberger, Die Schweiz und die Forschung: eine Würdigung schweizerischen Schaffens (1943), p. 114^ Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte, vol. 47 (1997), p. 208^ Michèle Merger, Dominique Barjot, Les entreprises et leurs réseaux (1998), p. 569^ Cyma vintage watches at cameranaked.com^ Sandoz Swiss watches at pmwf.com
[edit] See also
List of watch manufacturers
[edit] External links
Gary M. Frazier, A Review of the Sandoz Explorer III, The Rolex That Never Was at manthanein.com
This Switzerland-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandoz_watches&oldid=522009224"
Categories:1888 establishmentsWatch manufacturing companies of SwitzerlandWatch brandsSwitzerland stubs
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