Native Americans, Pre-contact

The Eastern Woodland Culture consisted of Indian tribes inhabiting the eastern United States and Canada. The Eastern Woodlands were moderate-climate regions roughly from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River and included the Great Lakes. This huge area boasted ample rainfall, numerous lakes and rivers, and great forests. The rich earth and forests from the Ohio River to the Gulf of Mexico comprised the southeastern part of the Eastern Woodlands. This culture region abuts the Plains Culture to the west and the Subarctic Culture to the north.

The Adena and Hopewell were the earliest historic Eastern Woodland inhabitants. Between 800 B.C. and A.D. 800, they lived in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys. Both societies are noted for their prominent burial mounds, frequently graced with sophisticated grave goods. Like earlier archaic groups, the Adena were hunters and gatherers who erected seasonal camps. The Hopewell also were hunters and gatherers, but like later Woodland tribes, they lived in villages and supplemented their diet with cultivated plants.

Later peoples of the Eastern Woodlands included the Illinois, Iroquois, Shawnee and a number of Algonkian-speaking peoples such as the Narragansett and Pequot. Southeastern peoples included the Cherokee, Chocktaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Natchez and Seminole.

Eastern Woodland tribes lived in similar ways. Their complex societies were typically divided into classes, including a chief, his children, the nobility and commoners. Overall there were some variations in climate and harvestable flora and fauna. It followed that the tribes varied somewhat in diet and housing, apparel and transportation.

Since warfare was harsh and frequent, villages were often fortified by fencing reinforced with dirt. Causes of conflict between tribes varied, but typically involved terrritorial rights, male coming-of-age rituals, or retaliation.

In general, the natives were deer-hunters and farmers. The men made bows and arrows, stone knives and war clubs. The women tended garden plots where beans, corn, pumpkin, squash and tobacco were cultivated. Women also harvested these crops and prepared the food. Black pottery or wood and bark vessels were used for cooking. They dried berries, corn, fish, meat and squash for the winter. The diet of deer meat was also supplemented by other game and shellfish.

The tribes lived near water for transportation purposes. In general, the northern tribes fashioned birchbark canoes while southeastern tribes dug out canoes from tree trunks. On land, the natives traveled on foot and bore their cargo on their backs, having no pack animals. Dogs were their sole domesticated animals.

Several sorts of houses were erected throughout the Eastern Woodlands. The most popular was likely the wigwam, a bark-covered structure and the longhouse, home to several families. Some southeast tribes lived in cold-weather houses of clay applied to an armature of poles, complete with a cone or round roof. The Seminoles of Florida used a chikee, a shelter without walls thatched with the palmetto tree's fan-shaped leaves.

Numerous hours were required to fashion the popular deerskin apparel. Women cut the skins with flint knives or shells and sutured them with animal sinew. Face painting and the men's scalp lock (with shaven side hair) were typical.

Beliefs associated with Manitou, a heroic figure who restored the world from mud following terrible rains, were widely held. In the southeast, there were sun worship temples; rites were intricate and featured an altar of fire that was extinguished and re-lighted annually.

The Eastern Woodlands' original inhabitants were the first the European colonists met. From the beginning, the settlers adopted many of the natives' proven methods and paraphernalia, including deerskin clothing.

Okay, you have an image you want to use, but it's just not the right size to go where you want it to go. Maybe the image takes up the whole screen, or maybe you wanted a larger version of the image on the screen. Well, you can resize the image by adding width and height commands to your image tag. Let's take a look at an example. I have an image called "next.jpg". Well, suppose I want to make it smaller. All I need to do is know the original width and height of my image. The width and height are usually written in pixels. My image turns out to be 106 pixels wide and 65 pixels in height. The picture looks like this:

So, to change the size of the image, I'm going to add these two commands inside the image tag:

width="" and
height=""

I'm going to place the commands after the initial command, img src="next.jpg". The tag will now look like this:

Now, to make the image smaller, I'm going to place numbers inside those quotation marks. Well, let's say I wanted it to be 75 pixels wide and 40 pixels high. I would then place these numbers into the commands, like this:

Now, when I reload my page, the picture will be the new height and width I specified. Here's what it would look like:

Now, to make the image larger, we will just insert larger numbers for the width and height:

Now the image looks like this:

As you can see, the images became somewhat distorted when I resized them. One reason for this is that I didn't keep the aspect ratio the same. Since the image was originally 106x65, I would have to decide on a width, and then find a height that would keep the aspect ratio of 106/65. When you calculate 106/65, you get about 1.63. So, if you want to make the width 75, you need to find the height that will make the ratio as close as possible to 1.63 . You can guess at it for awhile, or if you like solving equations, here it is:

75/height = 1.63

Now take the answer and round up or down. In this case, it comes out to about 46.0123. So, I would use 46 as the height:

Now it looks like this:

If you don't want to deal with math all the time (like me), you can also resize it with a paint or image program (which will do the calculations for you) and upload the new version of the picture to your server. I usually use my image program to do this, just for the ease of use. Besides, if I'm making the image smaller, the paint program will make the file size smaller.

There is probably going to be four wires. 3 wires supply voltage for RED, GREEN and BLUE. 1 wire will be negative ground. What color do you want to use? If you want WHITE then you will have to supply voltage simultaneously to all three Red Blue & Green which creates white light. If you are choosing color instead of white, supply voltage only to the Red, Green or Blue. You can create other colors by supplying voltage to only Red & Green (Yellow), Red & Blue (Purple), Green & Blue (Cyan- matches Ford Ice Blue)

You can experiment lighting the sills with a 9v battery with a snap on lead before you install.

The best source for power is from the wires going to the dome/map lights. I would remove the A-pillar trim on both sides which easily snap off/snap on. The dome/map light also snaps off the headliner easily. Run a (+) and (-) wire from the dome/map light area down both A-pillars to the door sill areas. I recommend 16 gauge speaker wire with joined (+) & (-) strands that can be separated. It's very easy to stuff the wire behind the front edge of the headliner and out to the pillar areas. For the (+) wire tap into the colored wire (I forgot the color) that supplies the dome lamp bulb. The (-) will be the black wire coming from the dome lamp bulb. Do not tap at all into the green wire coming from the map light switches.

With the original sill plates and kick panel trim removed, you can route the wire to the sill area where you will make your connection to the lighted sill plates. Your positive wire goes to the sill plates wire harness to color light of your choice (or all three for white) while the negative wire goes to the negative wire in the sill plate harness.

Now you can re-install the A-pillar trim, kick panels then fasten the lighted sill plates in place.

Calculating a Single p Value From a Normal Distribution

We look at the steps necessary to calculate the p-value for a particular test. In the interest of simplicity we only look at a two sided test, and we focus on one example. Here we want to show that the mean is not close to a fixed value, a.

H0: mux = a,
Ha: mux not = a,
The p value is calculated for a particular sample mean. Here we assume that we obtained a sample mean, x and want to find its p value. It is the probability that we would obtain a given sample mean that is greater than the absolute value of its Z-score or less than the negative of the absolute value of its Z-score.

For the special case of a normal distribution we also need the standard deviation. We will assume that we are given the standard deviation and call it s. The calculation for the p value can be done in several of ways. We will look at two ways here. The first way is to convert the sample means to their associated Z-score. The other way is to simply specify the standard deviation and let the computer do the conversion. At first glance it may seem like a no brainer, and we should just use the second method. Unfortunately, when using the t-distribution we need to convert to the t-score, so it is a good idea to know both ways.

We first look at how to calculate the p-value using the Z-score. The Z-score is found by assuming that the null hypothesis is true, subtracting the assumed mean, and dividing by the theoretical standard deviation. Once the Z-score is found the probability that the value could be less the Z-score is found using the pnorm command.

This is not enough to get the p-value. If the Z-score that is found is positive then we need to take one minus the associated probability. Also, for a two sided test we need to multiply the result by two. Here we avoid these issues and insure that the Z-score is negative by taking the negative of the absolute value.

We now look at a specific example. In the example below we will use a value of a of 5, a standard deviation of 2, and a sample size of 20. We then find the p-value for a sample mean of 7:

> a <- 5
> s <- 2
> n <- 20
> xbar <- 7
> z <- (xbar-a)/(s/sqrt(n))
> z
[1] 4.472136
> 2*pnorm(-abs(z))
[1] 7.744216e-06
>
We now look at the same problem only specifying the mean and standard deviation within the pnorm command. Note that for this case we cannot so easily force the use of the left tail. Since the sample mean is more than the assumed mean we have to take two times one minus the probability:

> a <- 5
> s <- 2
> n <- 20
> xbar <- 7
> 2*(1-pnorm(xbar,mean=a,sd=s/sqrt(20)))
[1] 7.744216e-06
>
Calculating a Single p Value From a t Distribution

Finding the p-value using a t distribution is very similar to using the Z-score as demonstrated above. The only difference is that you have to specify the number of degrees of freedom. Here we look at the same example as above but use the t distribution instead:

> a <- 5
> s <- 2
> n <- 20
> xbar <- 7
> t <- (xbar-a)/(s/sqrt(n))
> t
[1] 4.472136
> 2*pt(-abs(t),df=n-1)
[1] 0.0002611934
>
We now look at an example where we have a univariate data set and want to find the p-value. In this example we use one of the data sets given in the data input chapter. We use the w1 data set:

> w1 <- read.csv(file="w1.dat",sep=",",head=TRUE)
> summary(w1)
vals
Min. :0.130
1st Qu.:0.480
Median :0.720
Mean :0.765
3rd Qu.:1.008
Max. :1.760
> length(w1$vals)
[1] 54
Here we use a two sided hypothesis test,

H0: mu1 = 0.7,
Ha: mu1 not = 0.7,
So we calculate the sample mean and sample standard deviation in order to calculate the p-value:

> t <- (mean(w1$vals)-0.7)/(sd(w1$vals)/sqrt(length(w1$vals)))
> t
[1] 1.263217
> 2*pt(-abs(t),df=length(w1$vals)-1)
[1] 0.21204
Calculating Many p Values From a t Distribution

Suppose that you want to find the p-values for many tests. This is a common task and most software packages will allow you to do this. Here we see how it can be done in R.

Here we assume that we want to do a one-sided hypothesis test for a number of comparisons. In particular we will look at three hypothesis tests. All are of the following form:

H0: mu1 - mu2 = 0,
Ha: mu1 - mu2 not = 0,
We have three different sets of comparisons to make:

Comparison 1
Mean Std.
Dev. Number
(pop.)
Group I 10 3 300
Group II 10.5 2.5 230

Comparison 2
Mean Std.
Dev. Number
(pop.)
Group I 12 4 210
Group II 13 5.3 340

Comparison 3
Mean Std.
Dev. Number
(pop.)
Group I 30 4.5 420
Group II 28.5 3 400

For each of these comparisons we want to calculate a p-value. For each comparison there are two groups. We will refer to group one as the group whose results are in the first row of each comparison above. We will refer to group two as the group whose results are in the second row of each comparison above. Before we can do that we must first compute a standard error and a t-score. We will find general formulae which is necessary in order to do all three calculations at once.

We assume that the means for the first group are defined in a variable called m1. The means for the second group are defined in a variable called m2. The standard deviations for the first group are in a variable called sd1. The standard deviations for the second group are in a variable called sd2. The number of samples for the first group are in a variable called num1. Finally, the number of samples for the second group are in a variable called num2.

With these definitions the standard error is the square root of (sd1^2)/num1+(sd2^2)/num2. The associated t-score is m1 minus m2 all divided by the standard error. The R comands to do this can be found below:

> m1 <- c(10,12,30)
> m2 <- c(10.5,13,28.5)
> sd1 <- c(3,4,4.5)
> sd2 <- c(2.5,5.3,3)
> num1 <- c(300,210,420)
> num2 <- c(230,340,400)
> se <- sqrt(sd1*sd1/num1+sd2*sd2/num2)
> t <- (m1-m2)/se
To see the values just type in the variable name on a line alone:

> m1
[1] 10 12 30
> m2
[1] 10.5 13.0 28.5
> sd1
[1] 3.0 4.0 4.5
> sd2
[1] 2.5 5.3 3.0
> num1
[1] 300 210 420
> num2
[1] 230 340 400
> se
[1] 0.2391107 0.3985074 0.2659216
> t
[1] -2.091082 -2.509364 5.640761
To use the pt command we need to specify the number of degrees of freedom. This can be done using the pmin command. Note that there is also a command called min, but it does not work the same way. You need to use pmin to get the correct results. The numbers of degrees of freedom are pmin(num1,num2)-1. So the p-values can be found using the following R command:

> pt(t,df=pmin(num1,num2)-1)
[1] 0.01881168 0.00642689 0.99999998
If you enter all of these commands into R you should have noticed that the last p-value is not correct. The pt command gives the probability that a score is less that the specified t. The t-score for the last entry is positive, and we want the probability that a t-score is bigger. One way around this is to make sure that all of the t-scores are negative. You can do this by taking the negative of the absolute value of the t-scores:

> pt(-abs(t),df=pmin(num1,num2)-1)
[1] 1.881168e-02 6.426890e-03 1.605968e-08
The results from the command above should give you the p-values for a one-sided test. It is left as an exercise how to find the p-values for a two-sided test.

The Least Common Multiple (LCM) of 12, 14, and 3 is 84.

Today’s modern websites aren’t built on one technology; they’re mashed together to create a product that can accomplish more – without the extra development expense. For example, when adding a photograph to Picasa, it could automatically post to your blog, website, Facebook, and Twitter. In addition, Picasa is built to manage and edit photos. Have red-eye? No problem, Picasa has a solution. Since Picasa is free, take advantage of it's great tools. This article will explain how to get initial photos uploaded and sorted into a proper album – which is one step closer to having them appear on your website. Here are the simple steps to do just that!

Step 1: Sign Up
Go to http://picasaweb.google.com and sign in with your Google account. (If you have Gmail, you can use that login and password to access the site.) If not, click Create One and follow the steps to get a login and password. Once completed, you will enter your main page, also known as the gallery. It is here where your photo albums are stored.

Sign into Google to access Picassa Web Albums.
Step 2: Start by creating an album…
Click the Upload button to create an album and add photos to it.

Once logged in, click Upload to upload the first image.
Step 3: Giving the new album a name…
Under "edit album information", give the album a name along with a short description. The short description will help search engines properly index the album.

Provide details about the album by adding a Title and Description.
Step 4: Make the album public…
Under the 'share' option, make sure it is set for Public On the Web. If the album isn’t public, it will not appear on your website. Click Save Changes when finished.

Make sure to set the album to ‘Public on the web’.
Step 5: Select photos to upload…
Now we can start uploading photos to the album. Go ahead and click Browse.

Click ‘Browse’ to search for photos.
Step 6: Find the photos…
We are hoping you have success finding the photos on your computer. Because the photos can be anywhere, we decided not to elaborate on where they could be. I’ll admit, there are times I can’t find what I’m looking for on my computer! Once the photo is found, click it to highlight it and then select Open.

What it will look like when searching for photos on Windows 7.
Step 7: Start uploading…
The directory location of the picture you select will appear in the text box. Now would be the time to browse for other photographs. When completed, click Start Upload.

Click ‘Start Upload’ to upload the photographs to Picasa.
Congratulations!
Great job! A photograph has been uploaded to your album! Now, let’s add a description so search engines can index the photograph properly. Go ahead and click on the photo.

Success! A photograph has been uploaded.
Step 8: Add a Caption
Click Add a Caption

Click ‘Add a Caption’ to describe the photograph.
Step 9: Describe the photograph…
After clicking ‘Add a Caption’, a text box will appear. Here you can write a short paragraph, phrase, or a full description (512 characters maximum) describing the photograph. When finished, click Save Caption.

The text box has room for 512 alphanumeric characters.
That’s it!
Good job!

…The code, as the principal legislative document of the Church, founded on the juridical-legislative heritage of Revelation and Tradition, is to be regarded as an indispensable instrument to ensure order both in individual and social life, and also in the Church's activity itself. Therefore, besides containing the fundamental elements of the hierarchical and organic structure of the Church as willed by her divine Founder, or as based upon apostolic, or in any case most ancient, tradition and besides the fundamental principles which govern the exercise of the threefold office entrusted to the Church itself, the Code must also lay down certain rules and norms of behavior.

…In actual fact the Code of Canon Law is extremely necessary for the Church. Since, indeed, it is organized as a social and visible structure, it must also have norms: in order that the hierarchical and organic structure be visible; in order that the exercise of the functions divinely entrusted to her, especially that of sacred power and the administration of the sacraments, may be adequately organized; in order that the mutual relations of the faithful may be regulated according to justice based upon charity, with the rights of individuals guaranteed and well-defined; in order, finally, that common initiatives, undertaken for a Christian life ever more perfect may be sustained, strengthened and fostered by canonical norms.

…Finally, the canonical laws by their very nature must be observed. The greatest care has therefore been taken to ensure that in the lengthy preparation of the Code the wording of the norms should be accurate, and that they should be based on a solid juridical, canonical and theological foundation.

…I therefore exhort all the faithful to observe the proposed legislation with a sincere spirit and good will in the hope that there may flower again the Church a renewed discipline; and that consequently the salvation of souls may be rendered ever easier under the protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of the Church.

Joannes Paulus PP. II

The following Canons from "The CODE of CANON LAW" the principal legislative document of the Church. From The Code of Canon Law are derived certain fundamental criteria which govern the people of God. The canonical laws by their very nature must be observed. The canonical legislation will prove to be an efficacious means in order that the Church may progress in conformity with the spirit of the Second Vatican Council, and may every day be ever more suited to carry out its office of salvation in this world.

The Real Presence - The Following, Canons that Govern:

Can. 941 1 In churches or oratories which are allowed to reserve the blessed Eucharist, there may be exposition, either with the pyx or with the monstrance, in accordance with the norms prescribed in the Liturgical books.

2 Exposition of the blessed Sacrament may not take place while Mass is being celebrated in the same area of the church or oratory.

Can. 942 It is recommended that in these churches or oratories, there is to be each year a solemn exposition of the blessed Sacrament for an appropriate, even if not for a continuous time, so that the local community may more attentively meditate on and adore the eucharistic mystery. This exposition is to take place only if a fitting attendance of the faithful is foreseen, and the prescribed norms are observed.

Can. 943 The minister of exposition of the blessed Sacrament and of the eucharistic blessing is a priest or deacon…

Can. 944 1 Wherever in the judgement of the diocesan Bishop it can be done, a procession through the streets is to be held, especially on the solemnity of the Body and Blood of Christ, as a public witness of veneration of the blessed Eucharist.

2 It is for the diocesan Bishop to establish such regulations about processions as will provide for participation in them and for their being carried out in a dignified manner.

Minecraft is a sandbox construction game, inspired by Infiniminer, Dwarf Fortress and Dungeon Keeper, created by Markus Persson, the founder of Mojang AB. The game involves players creating and destroying various types of blocks in a three dimensional environment. The player takes an avatar that can destroy or create blocks, forming fantastic structures, creations and artwork across the various multiplayer servers in multiple game modes.
Minecraft is available to players for €19.95 (~£17.21/~$26.90). Singleplayer and multiplayer, when purchased, can be played in the user's web browser, or using the downloadable client. Minecraft Classic is available to play for free. Minecraft development started around the 10th of May 2009, pre-orders for the full game started being accepted on the 13th of June 2009. Minecraft's official release date was the 18th of November 2011.

The Sundance Film Festival is a film festival that takes place annually in Utah, in the United States. It is the largest independent cinema festival in the United States.[1] Held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, and Ogden, as well as at the Sundance Resort, the festival is a showcase for new work from American and international independent filmmakers. The festival comprises competitive sections for American and international dramatic and documentary films, both feature-length films and short films, and a group of out-of-competition sections, including NEXT, New Frontier, Spotlight, and Park City At Midnight.

If you’re in the market to buy a PC and you’re looking for the best value for money, you’ve likely asked yourself: “what’s the difference between Dual and Quad Core and what about i3, i5, and i7?”
This guide offers a basic explanation of these five types of processors and will help you determine the best for your needs.
Before we go much further, I should make it clear that comparing Quad Core with i7 is not as simple as it sounds as they are not completely comparable. You’ll see why as you read on.
This guide will answer the following questions:
What is a processor?
What is a core?
What is a multi-core processor?
Why do I need multiple cores?
How many cores do i3, i5, and i7′s have?
Do I need a Dual/Quad core or an i3/i5/i7?
What is a Processor?
The Processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) component of your PC that carries out instructions given to it by your Operating System (Windows.) Think of the processor as a brain that receives instructions and messages (i.e. “HOT HOT HOT Burning!!!”) and sends out instructions to other hardware (i.e. “Arm: lift hand” or “mouth: open; vocal chords: scream”.)

What is a Core?
A standard processor has one core (single-core.) Single core processors only process one instruction at a time (although they do use pipelines internally, which allow several instructions to be processed together; however, they are still run one at a time.)

What is a Multi-Core Processor?
A multi-core processor is composed of two or more independent cores, each capable of processing individual instructions. A dual-core processor contains two cores, a quad-core processor contains four cores, and a hexa-core processor contains six cores.

Why do I Need Multiple Cores?
Multiple cores can be used to run two programs side by side and when an intensive program is running (AV Scan, Video conversion, CD ripping etc.) you can utilize another core to run your browser to check your email etc.

Multiple cores really shine when you’re using a program that can utilize more than one core (called Parallelization) to improve the program’s efficiency. Programs such as graphic software, games etc. can run multiple instructions at the same time and deliver faster, smoother results.

So if you use CPU-intensive software, multiple cores will likely provide a better experience when using your PC. If you use your PC to check emails and watch the occasional video, you really don’t need a multi-core processor.

How many cores do i3, i5, and i7′s have?
A Dual-core processor has two cores.
A Quad-core processor has four cores.
An i3 processor has 2 cores.
An i5 processor has 2 or 4 cores (depending on the model you have.)
An i7 processor has 2, 4 or 6 cores (depending on the model you have.)
Do I need a Dual/Quad core or an i3/i5/i7?
The reason you’re reading this guide is to find out which type of processor you need. I want to give a simple answer and, if you have more to add, please let us know in the comments. As with all computer hardware, the type of processor you need depends on your needs, for how long you want your computer to stay current, and your budget.

Here’s a very simple breakdown of what you should look to buy depending on your computing needs. All suggestions assume you are buying a pre-built PC (so you don’t have to worry about motherboard and RAM specs and so you don’t have to worry about upgrade compatibility.)

If you:

Browse the internet, check email, and play the occasional flash game (like Farmville): Get a single core netbook or desktop (and don’t spend more than $350 USD.)
Do your word processing, spreadsheets etc. on your PC, listen to music often, and watch movies, get a dual core or i3.
Play the occasional game and are happy with lower resolution and lower quality graphics (my suggestion assumes the graphics processor on the pre-built PC will be well-matched for the processor suggestions), watch HD movies etc., get a dual core or i5.
If you do graphic publishing, music creation, programming (and compilation), watch HD movies, and like to play visually appealing games, get a Quad core, i5, or i7.
If you like to have the very best hardware and play the most graphically intense games, get an i7 Extreme.